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The Modern Overview : From ancient times it was considered that everything has been derived from a primal substance. In 1789 a French chemist Antoine Lavoisier published the first scientific list of 23 elements. Soon after in England another chemist John Daltom formulated an atomic theory of the structure of matter that eventually became the basis of modern atomic theory.

In most general sense elements are composed of atoms that are bonded into a unit, capable of linking with other atoms of elements and form new compounds. Atoms in their turn are composed of a core called nucleus made of neutrons and protons around which small particles called electrons revolve. All the chemical properties of the elements are determined by the electronic structure of the atoms.

All the electrons of an atom can be removed by such sufficiently powerful destructive forces as high heat and strong magnetic and electric fields. A naked nucleus with its concentrated positive charges attracts all electrons it encounters to become an atom again. On being bound into a nucleus a fraction of mass of each nucleon [nucle (us+prot) on] is transformed into energy. The more massive is the nucleus the greater is the loss of mass per nucleus in element, lighter up to the iron.

If a large nucleus is split into parts called fission the nucleus releases energy. However if the elements lighter than iron are split they would not release energy but would require additional energy.

On the other hand if the two small nuclei are forced to unite or fuse (called fusion) to produce a single nucleus that is still smaller than iron it will produce energy. The fundamental reaction that produces huge amounts of energy radiated by the sun and most other stars is the fusion of the lightest element hydrogen into helium. As observations suggest that hydrogen and helium are much more abundant than other elements and there is an abundance peak near iron, it is therefore supposed that the heavy elements have been built up from light elements.

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Origin of hydrogen : In the begining the universe contained mostly photons (subatomic particles) neutrinos, electrons and their antiparticles together with some protons.

When universe expanded almost all the particles got annihilated except for protons and neutrons that began to combine continuously to form deuterium (heavy hydrogen), with the relese of heat. When the temperature reached further high, deuterium fused together to form helium the next heavy element. Then the stars were formed from the hydrogen and helium clouds.

In many stars the production of helium is followed by the fusion of helium into heavier elements upto iron. Still more heavier elements cannot be made in energy releasing fusion reactions, and an external source of energy is required to produce them. For the elements heavier than iron it is believed that they have been produced by successive capture of neutrons, aided with some external source of heating.

Nucleo synthesis is the process of formation of a bigger nucleus from smaller ones.

The Big Bang model accounts for the origin of helium during 10th-100th second of its beginning and the origin of subsequent heavier elements through nucleo synthesis process taking place in the stars; although it is admitted that all the helium and heavy elements present could hardly been produced in the process. The dilemma deepens further to account for the presence of many organic and inorganic chemical compounds formed out of the star sources elements in the interstellar space, that remains unexplained.

Bhagawatam lists a total of 26 elements classified under 1. inert 2. Bio 3. Neuro groups. All these 26 elements originate from a root substance called prime or the findamental particle. Unlike modern science which lists 118 elements all of inert nature Bhagawat's elements are animated as well asunanimated. The unanimated elements correspond to the 118 inert elements of the periodic table of modern science and the animated elements correspond to the bio and neuro groups of the elements. The bio elements are responsible for 

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physical make up of living forms and the neuro elements are responsible for make up of mind and nerves systems, where as the inert elements provide reinforcing properties like calcium and phoposrous in combining the neuro and bio systems. A living body is thus composed out of all the three types of elements. From the observation it is obvious that the inert matters do not combine in the laboratory to produce a living organism. As the life cannot be sustained by inert matters, it is evident that elements other than inert, conducive to the up keeping of body exist. Researches in genetic engineering, organ transplant embryology and cloning are strong proofs of existence of bio and neuro elements. Therefore the Bhagawats logic of classifying neuro and bio elements besides the inert ones are quite appropriate and a new periodic table including the bio and neuro elements should be constructed for the studies especially in life sciences.

5     work organs                            i                 Vocal                         (Vak)

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A detailed discussion on these elements and their function are presented in the origin of life section of this book.

All these elements originate, and evolve along with the universe. While the inert elements undergo nucleosysnthesis to produce heavy elements the bio and neuro elements also synthesize and integrate in various combinations to produce living organisms.

Phase - I Hydrogen Formation : The element begin to originate when a set of conditions arise in the space and the electrons, protons and neutrons begin to combine to form hydrogen atoms. According to the time calculations the origin of elements commenced from 155.484 trillion years, ago when a nuclear furnace got ablazed and a great amount of heat was released and the. When hydrogen atoms were formed. When the temperature reached to 2x107 0K hydrogen thus formed began to burn and make helium.

Phase - II Helium formation : When a considerable amount of hydrogen out of the combination of atomic particles was formed and the nuclear furnace got covered with it, the hydrogen began to fuse and got converted into Helium. In successive nuclear reactions four protons changed into a helium nucleus. For each 1000 tons of hydrogen burnt 993 tons of helium are produced and 7 tons of mass gets transformed into energy.

Phase -III Carbon, Oxygen and Nirtogyn formation : At temperatures about 1x10⁸ -2x10^{8 0} K three helium nucleus fuse to form carbon. There are now different layers in which hydrogyn 

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and helium burn to produce next successive elements. Two helium nuclei combine to form beryllium which has an extremely short life. A third nucleus of helium gets added to form carbon before the beryllium decays. Subsequently a fourth helium nucleus may combine with carbon to give oxygen. The relative amounts of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen produced depend on the temperature and density at which helium is burned.

When the vapors of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen elements escaped out into interstellar space it came across with varying range of temperature and pressure and many complex reaction began to take place in space which led to the formation of bio and neuro elements.

Phase - IV : Bio-Neuro elements Formation : At temperatures between 5x108 -109 0K pairs of carbon and oxygen nuclei fuse to produce such elements as magnesium, sodium, silicon and sulfur, within the furnace.

However, out side of the galactic furnace a mixture of these primordial vapors in some pocket began to undergo bio synthesis. In the first reaction hydrogen interplayed with excess of electrons, protons and neutrons to produce, action intelligence, and inert matter particles. (see table in section 7)

These three animated particles, action, intelligence and matter are counter parts of electron proton and neutrons of the inert elements and behave in similar fashion while combining. Further reactions are quite complicated as it could be seen from the Bhagawat text presented in origin of life section.

In all subsequent reactions the stream emanating from carbon interacting primarily with neutrons and matter particles produce sky, air fire water and earth inert elements.

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Nitrogen stream interacting primarily with electrons and action particles produce five sense and five work organs. When the whole of carbon stream interacts with Nitrogen stream a set of five property elements are produced. (see the flow sheet)

When Oxygen stream interacts with protons and intelligence particles they produce four neuro elements.

Phase IV Earth Formation : Earth constitutes all the 118 inert elements

described in the periodic table the prime one being silicon. When the inner core of the nucleus furnace gets fully covered with carbon oxygen and nitrogen and the temperature rises above 109 0K the elements produced in carbon and oxygen burning are gradually converted into the elements of maximum fractional binding energy e.g. chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt and nickel. These reactions have collectively been given the name silicon burning because an important part of the process is the breaking down of silicon nuclei into helium nuclei that are added to other silicon nuclei to produce elements such as nickel and the rest others.

At some point presumed to the 14.92 billion years when silicon burning reaction was in progress a great eruption took place that threw a part of the burning core in the interstellar space. On condensation the core became solidified and came to be known as earth. The earth was subjected to one more heating some 6.2905 billions years ago after which period VII elements including uranium were formed under neutron capture process. In the core of the galaxy, the silicon burning was continuing until recently which is evident from the high metal content of the stars around its halo.

Phase VI Life Formation : While silicon burns inside the core, many bio neuro and inert elements interact in the interstellar space. The receding temp and expending universe presents at a some point of time in some pocket the favorable reaction conditions and all the elements interact to produce life building proteins, amino acids and other inert chemicals. In several billion years nature propels the bio and neuro elements to combine with these life building compounds to make meaningful life organisms in the form of various senses and work organs. For some more billions of years these organs remain separate until a favorable time unite them into a compete and cohesive living body. The early living bodies were of airy forms. Our present gross bodies are in continuation of the early airy bodies that have undergone densification due to the changing environmental conditions of the earth.

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The Helium Problem

Through Big Bang model scientists have been trying to determine the past history of the universe based on the current observations. One such observation is 25% helium in the universe. Study shows that if all helium has to be synthesized in ordinary stars its level would not be more than 2%. Or if produced during the big bang explosion very little conversion is foreseen because of the neutrons decay and because of the production of deuterium and then helium that take place only for a short period of time. This is therefore called as helium problem by the scientists.

In order that the big bang theory retains its validity, scientists set the initial composition of the primordial matter containing 24-25% helium, so that it becomes consistent with the present observations.

This assumptions has created further problem as some blue stars in the halo of the galaxy have apparently little or no helium in their atmosphere implying 0%, initial helium condition. Therefor it becomes evident that the primordial composition was at least pure hydrogen deviod of any helium.

Another point that gets highlighted is the formation of heavy elements that was going on recently in the nuclear furnace. It is observed from the high metal content among the stars in the center of the Galaxy.

In Bhagawat model, electron proton and neutrons are the primordial matter suggesting 0% hydrogen and helium each as initial composition. Both these elements get synthesized over a long period of 140 trillion and 13 trillion years respectively. The rest of the heavy elements get synthesized in 2 trillion years. At present according to the Bhagawat model of the universe syntheses of heavy metals were going on until recently in the center of universe as is verified by the absence of helium and presence of heavy metals in the halo of the center. The Bhagawat model is thus feasible and consistent with present day observations.

The only left out supporting evidence in favor of big bang model is very short radio waves microwaves reaching the earth from all directions. According to the theory the universe was filled with radiation in its early stages of Big Bang and most of this radiation has never subsequently been absorbed. As the universe has expanded the radiation has been shifted towards longer wave lengths by the Doppler’s effect. As a result of this

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effect the radiation created by the big bang would be expected to appear today as micro waves of just the type that have been observed.

In the Bhagawat model a great explosion takes place at the end of each era to expel the inside materials from the crater. This explosion is similar to the bang of the big bang model and one of the last explosion that took place was 14.92 Billions years ago concides with nearly the same time. Most of the heavy elements were poured out in the explosion. The present microwave radiation is proof of the event.

While describing the winding up process of the universe Bhagawatam describes.

"...Helium gets broken into Hydrogen and in twon the electrons, protons and neutrons assimilate the hydrogen atom...This is all the effect of time because of its effect the manifested nature (neutrinos) absorbs the three electron protons and neutrons, then only the neutrinos and only the neutrinos remain. This neutrinos is the root cause of the manifestation of the whole universe along with the living creatures. It is (i) without beginning and end, (ii) eternal (iii) manifested, (iv) infinite (v) indestructible. This neutrinos after having absorbed all of its own reaction products in course of desolution becomes situated in equilibrium. Under such a status all the divisions of time year month day’s night moment and its resulting interplay growth, maturity and decay does not exist... at that time not even the imagination of the existence of this universe survives... Everything remains dark, void a sleep... This unmanifested condition is called the root element of this universe...This situation is called nature's (neutrinos) devastation. At that time the positive (Purusha) and the negative (Prakriti) forces wane out and helplessly get merged into their elementary form. (SB 12:4:18-22.)

Bhagawatam gives a very clear and accurate explanation of the neutrinos the elusive fundamental particles. "The unmanifested eternal combination of the three elementary particles (electrons moun tau) is responsible for the manifest state and is called 'Pradhana'. When in manifest stage of existence it is called Prakriti. (SB: 3:26:10)

Nobel laureate physicist Rudlof Ludwig Mossobauer believes that neutrinos (Italian for neutral one) may hold the key to one of the most enduring puzzles of the universe. The 

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missing mass conundrum also called as the black mass. The visible cosmos in which matter is clustered in galaxies makes up barely 10 percent. Astronomers reason that the remainder must either be locked up some where out of sight or the model of universe is terribly wrong. Therefore scientists are trying to catch these elusive particles through their experiments. This particle neutrinos is so minute that if it were to pass through a ball of lead the size of a small Galaxy it would only have a 50% chance of being ensnared. Its presence is known from the particle physics experiments that neutrinos exists in three types or flavors, electron, moun, tau.

It is remarkable that the modern science has discovered the root particles neutrons which is expected to be unmanifested by Bhagawatam process of origin of the elements. According to Bhagawatam the universe is covered by seven layers, each layer is10 times the previous layer, the final or the outermost being the nature (neutrinos) layer of blackmass.

"...The seven layers of the elements are each ten times thicker than the one before." SB 3:12:39-41. Heavy elements, helium, hydrogen and neutrinos each subsequent element is 10 times larger neutrinos being the largest pervading in the universe confirm the Bhagawat observations scientifically. "Surrounded by seven layers, water, fire, air sky, Ahankar(He), Mahatattva(H) and Prakriti is this universe SB:2:1:25.

At their laboratory Sudbury Neutrinos Observatory near Toronto scientists are experimenting to trap these particles for study. Bhagawatam has mentioned five properties quite in advance of these fundamental particles mentioned earlier.